More than three decades after the identification of the virus, HIV continues to affect millions of people worldwide even though infection rates are down in a number of countries. From the beginning, the education sector has played a central role in responding to HIV. However, its role and the contribution of school-based HIV education has been the subject of much debate. This book provides an overview of how the role of the education sector and approaches to HIV education have evolved over time. Building on the findings of recent research and regional studies, it examines lessons learned, emerging challenges and opportunities, and proposes a way forward for the education sector to contribute to the prevention of new infections, treatment and care, and the reduction of stigma and discrimination.