This study was conducted particularly to look into the current status on violence against in school and out of school children. One of the key reasons for this interest, is that, violence against school children inevitably has a negative impact on their learning, and has the potential to variously interfere with their full access and attainment of basic education, thereby infringing on their fundamental human rights. The second reason is that the Education Policy of Tanzania declares the basic education is compulsory, from pre-school, primary school up to ordinary level secondary school. For that reason, in contemporary Tanzania, most children will increasingly spend their childhood as pupils/students. The third reason is that, consequently, during the school season, which covers most of the year, majority of Tanzanian children will spend most of their day time in school settings, including en-route to and from schools, and some will spend a larger part of their childhood in boarding schools. Based on the foregoing, this study aimed to explore the nature, prevalence, magnitude, perceptions and perpetrators of violence against school children in mainland Tanzania.