This background paper argues for a comprehensive and evidence-based national sexual and reproductive health strategy to improve the health of all in our community, both women and men. In part one we begin with a descriptive snapshot of the sexual and reproductive health of Australians today and of the problems we face. We also give a brief overview of the Australian sexual and reproductive health policy context - past and current. In part two we outline the argument for a national sexual and reproductive health strategy, its scope and key elements and the processes necessary in developing, implementing and evaluating such a strategy. The arguments are informed by internationally agreed definitions and treaties, scientific evidence, examples of best practice, and advice from Australian sexual and reproductive health experts.