This document provides guidance to governments, international organizations and NGOs in the monitoring and evaluation of the national response for children orphaned and made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS. It includes methods and tools for measurement at the national level. The indicators in this guide supplement the UN General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS/AIDS) and MDG 'orphan school attendance' indicator with a set of recommended standardized core indicators that each country could monitor to assess the effectiveness of its national response and thereby inform programming.The guide is divided into two main parts and annexes. The first part discusses issues related to the general monitoring and evaluation of orphans and other children made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS (chapter 2). The second part provides specific guidance in the use of the recommended indicators (chapter 3). The annexes contain a sampling methodology that can be used to incorporate children living outside of family care who are normally not captured in household surveys. The annexes also contain recommended instruments for measuring the indicators.